Composite plating film and a process for forming the same

ABSTRACT

A composite nickel and copper alloy plating film ( 3 ) containing nickel and copper. Nickel is of high wear resistance and a nickel alloy improves the wear resistance of the film. Copper is of high resistance of the film. The film may further contain self-lubricating particles and hard particles which ensure its wear resistance and lubricating property to a further extent.

PRIORITY

This application is a National Stage filing under 35 USC 371 ofPCT/JP01/10894 filed on Dec. 12, 2001.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a composite plating film formed from nickeland copper alloys.

BACKGROUND ART

There has been known a cylinder block made by die casting for anautomobile internal combustion engine and defining inner wall surfacesfor cylinders. The block has a nickel (Ni) plating film formed on theinner wall surface of each cylinder for maintaining its hardness,sliding property and wear resistance.

Fuel (gasoline) contains a very small amount of sulfur as impurity, andif sulfuric acid is formed by such sulfur in a cylinder, it is likely tocorrode the nickel plating film on the inner wall surface of thecylinder. This makes it difficult to raise the durability of any suchcylinder block. Accordingly, it is desirable to raise the resistance ofany such film to corrosion by sulfuric acid and thereby the durabilityof the cylinder block.

When an internal combustion engine is in operation, engine oil serves asa lubricant to prevent any seizure from occurring between the pistonrings and the inner wall surfaces of the cylinders. If the engine isstopped, engine oil drops off the inner wall surfaces of the cylindersand collects in an oil pan and a crankcase. When the engine is startedagain, therefore, there remains too small an amount of engine oiladhering to the pistons and the cylinder wall surfaces to ensure anysatisfactory lubrication thereof. As a result, seizure is likely tooccur when the engine is started again.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composite plating film formed fromnickel and copper alloys and improved in corrosion resistance andlubricating property, as well as a process for forming the same.

As a result of our tests conducted to ascertain the resistance of aplating film to corrosion by sulfuric acid, we, the inventors of thisinvention, have found that the addition of copper (Cu) having a highcorrosion resistance to nickel (Ni) makes it possible to form a platingfilm having an improved resistance to corrosion by sulfuric acid. Theplating film on the inner wall surface of a cylinder is required to behighly resistant to wear by a piston ring sliding thereon. It is alsorequired to be highly lubricant to prevent any seizure caused byinsufficient lubrication when the engine is started. Under thesecircumstances, we have found that the addition of a controlled amount ofcopper to nickel and the addition of self-lubricating, or hard particlesto a plating film make it possible to ensure its wear resistance andlubricating property.

According to a first aspect of this invention, there is provided acomposite plating film covering the surface of a base material andcomposed of nickel and copper alloys.

Desirably, the film is composed of a nickel alloy layer containing lessthan 50% of copper with nickel and a copper alloy layer containing lessthan 50% of nickel with copper. It is desired that the nickel and copperalloy layers are laid alternately, while the film has a roughenedsurface having a roughness of 1 to 3 microns as indicated by its maximumheight (Rmax), so that the nickel and copper alloys may be exposedsubstantially uniformly in the film surface.

Nickel is of high wear resistance and a nickel alloy makes a platingfilm of high wear resistance. Copper is of high corrosion resistance anda copper alloy makes a plating film of high corrosion resistance.Accordingly, the substantially uniform exposure of nickel and copperalloys in the surface of a plating film improves both of its wear andcorrosion resistances.

If the film has a surface roughness of only less than one micron (Rmax),its nickel alloy layer is not cut satisfactorily to expose the copperalloy layer as desired. If it has a surface layer of at least one micron(Rmax), the copper alloy layer is exposed satisfactorily. No surfaceroughness over three microns (Rmax) is, however, desirable to ensure theflatness of the film.

Preferably, the film contains self-lubricating particles and hardparticles. These particles improve the lubricating property and wearresistance of the film. The self-lubricating particles may be of atleast one of, for example, C, h-BN and MoS₂. The particles of C, h-BN orMOS₂ are a solid lubricant having a hexagonal crystal structure, andgive a high level of lubrication even where no lubricant oil isavailable. The hard particles may be of at least one of, for example,SiC, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, c-BN and diamond. The particles of SiC, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃,c-BN or diamond have a Vickers hardness (Hv) of 3,000 or above and givea satisfactorily improved wear resistance to the film.

The film may comprise self-lubricating particles, hard particles and 10to 50 atm. % of copper, the balance being nickel. If its copper contentis lower than 10 atm. %, the film has an undesirably low corrosionresistance. If its copper content exceeds 50 atm. %, the film has anundesirably low wear resistance.

The film contains 2 to 15% by volume of each of self-lubricating andhard particles. If the proportion of the self-lubricating particles islower than 2% by volume, the film is unsatisfactory in lubrication andseizure is likely to occur, for example, between a cylinder and a pistonof an engine. If the proportion exceeds 15% by volume, a higher electriccurrent is required and results in a lower plating efficiency. If theproportion of the hard particles is lower than 2% by volume, the film isunsatisfactorily low in hardness and wear resistance. If the proportionexceeds 15% by volume, a higher electric current is required and resultsin a lower plating efficiency.

The film is suitable as a coating on, for example, the inner wallsurface of any cylinder in an internal combustion engine. It is so highin corrosion resistance as to protect the inner wall surface of thecylinder from corrosion by sulfuric acid, and is also so high in wearresistance as to protect the inner wall surface of the cylinder fromwear. It is also high in lubricating property and prevents any seizurefrom occurring on the inner wall surface of the cylinder when the engineis started.

According to a second aspect of this invention, there is provided aprocess for forming a composite plating film of nickel and copper alloyson the surface of a base material, which process comprises the steps ofpreparing a coating solution containing nickel, copper, self-lubricatingparticles, hard particles, a cationic surface active agent and sodiumsaccharate as a hardness raising agent, and applying an electric currentto the solution and the base material.

If a pulsed current is employed, nickel and copper alloy layers areformed alternately to form the film on the base material. The film hasits surface roughened to have the nickel and copper alloys exposedsubstantially uniformly in its surface.

The self-lubricating particles are preferably of at least one of C, h-BNand MOS₂ to ensure the formation of a film of high lubricating property.The hard particles are preferably of at least one of SiC, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃,c-BN and diamond to ensure the high wear resistance of the film. Thecationic surface active agent activates the self-lubricating particlesso that an improved composition efficiency may be obtained. The sodiumsaccharate strains and finely divides the crystals of the materials inthe film and thereby improves its hardness.

The process may be carried out such that the film contains theself-lubricating particles in the amount of 6×10⁻⁵ to 4.2×10⁻³ mol/cm³.If their amount is smaller than 6×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³, the film is too low inlubricating property to ensure that no seizure be likely to occur. Iftheir amount exceeds 4.2×10⁻³ mol/cm³, a higher electrical resistancebrings about a lower plating efficiency.

The process may also be carried out such that the film contains the hardparticles in the amount of 7×10⁻⁵ to 5×10⁻³ mol/cm³. If their amount issmaller than 7×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³, the film is so low in hardness as to geteasily worn and be low in durability. If their amount exceeds 5×10⁻³mol/cm³ a higher electrical resistance brings about a lower platingefficiency.

The process may also be carried out such that the film contains thesurface active agent in the amount of 5×10⁻³ to 1×10⁻¹ mol/cm³. If itsamount is smaller than 5×10⁻³ mol/cm³ it may fail to activate theself-lubricating particles for an improved lubrication and thereby animproved composition efficiency. If its amount exceeds 1×10⁻¹ mol/cm³, ahigher electrical resistance brings about a lower plating efficiency.

The process may also be carried out such that the film contains thehardness raising agent in the amount of 5×10⁻⁶ to 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³. If itsamount is smaller than 5×10⁻⁶ mol/cm³ it may fail to strain or finelydivide the crystals and thereby improve the hardness of the film. If itsamount exceeds 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ a higher electrical resistance bringsabout a lower plating efficiency.

The coating solution may further contain citric acid, and the step ofapplying an electric current may be the step of applying a constantcurrent citric acid serves as a complex-forming agent and enables copperto be thoroughly dissolved in the coating solution, so that copper maybe thoroughly precipitated without settling.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention will be describedin detail below, by way of example only, with reference to theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cylinder block for an internalcombustion engine having a plating film of nickel and copper alloysformed thereon according to this invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2—2 in FIG. 1 and showing afirst embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating an overall arrangement of a compositeplating apparatus used for forming the film shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 4—4 in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view, partly in section, of the cylindricalelectrode shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the cylindrical electrode as viewed alongthe arrow 6 in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is an unfolded view of the cylindrical electrode shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a process for forming a plating film ofnickel and copper alloys according to this invention by using thecomposite plating apparatus shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the waveform of a pulsed electric currentused for carrying out the process as shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of a part of a composite plating film formedas an alternate array of nickel and copper alloy layers on the innerwall surface of a cylinder;

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the formation of a composite platingfilm of nickel and copper alloys on the inner wall surface of a cylinderfrom a Ni—Cu composite coating solution jetted out from a cylindricalelectrode to the inner wall surface of the cylinder;

FIG. 12 is an unfolded view of the cylindrical electrode showing thecoating solution jetted out therefrom as shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of a part of a composite plating film formedon the inner wall surface of a cylinder from an alternate array ofnickel and copper alloy layers and having its surface roughened to havethe nickel and copper alloys exposed substantially uniformly;

FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 2, but showing a single-layeredcomposite plating film formed on the inner wall surface of a cylinder inaccordance with a second embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 15A is a graph showing the corrosive wear of a composite platingfilm of nickel and copper alloys according to a comparative example inrelation to the concentration of sulfuric acid;

FIG. 15B is a graph similar to FIG. 15A, but showing the results asobtained with films according to the second embodiment of thisinvention;

FIG. 16A is a graph showing the adhesive wear of a composite platingfilm of nickel and copper alloys according to a comparative example inrelation to a distance of friction;

FIG. 16B is a graph similar to FIG. 16A, but showing the results asobtained with films according to the second embodiment of thisinvention;

FIG. 17 is a graph showing the sedimentation of copper in relation tothe ratio in concentration of citric acid to copper in a compositenickel and copper alloy plating solution according to this invention;

FIG. 18 is a graph showing the wavelength of light absorbed by acomposite nickel and copper alloy plating solution in relation to itspH;

FIG. 19 is a graph showing the sedimentation of copper in a compositenickel and copper alloy plating solution in relation to its pH; and

FIG. 20 is a graph explaining the lubricating property of a compositenickel and copper alloy plating film.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Description will now be made in detail of several preferred embodimentsof this invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a cylinder block for an internal combustion engine(hereinafter referred to merely as cylinder block) as an example of basematerials. The cylinder block 1 is a cylinder block of an aluminum alloyfor a four-cylinder engine having a composite plating film 3 of nickeland copper alloys formed on the inner wall surface 2 a (FIG. 2) of acylinder defined by each cavity 2 in which a piston 7 is slidable. Apiston ring 7 a is formed from stainless steel (SUS) and has a surfacehardened by e.g. gas nitriding. The film 3 comprises a nickel and copperalloy matrix 4 formed by an alternate array of a nickel alloy layer 4 acomposed of nickel and less than 50% of copper and a copper alloy layer4 b composed of copper and less than 50% of nickel, and has a surfaceroughened to a roughness of one to three microns by maximum height(Rmax), so that its nickel and copper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b may beexposed substantially uniformly in its surface. The matrix 4 furthercontains self-lubricating particles 5 and hard particles 6. Theproperties of the film 3 will be described in detail with reference toFIG. 11 later.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 3 to 6 showing a composite platingapparatus for forming the film 3 on the cylinder block 1. Referring toFIG. 3, the apparatus 10 comprises a main body 11, a work table 12attached to the main body 11 for mounting a cylinder block 1 thereon, acylindrical electrode 15 positioned in each cavity 2 of the cylinderblock 1 mounted on the work table 12, a mechanism 20 for rotating thecylindrical electrode 15 about its longitudinal axis 15 a, a mechanism30 for circulating a composite nickel and copper alloy plating solution29 into the bore 16 of the cylindrical electrode 15, and a mechanism 45for supplying an electric current to the cylinder block 1 and thecylindrical electrode 15. Details of the cylindrical electrode 15 willbe described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. The cylinder block 1 alsohas a cooling water jacket 1 a, a crank chamber 1 b and an annularpassage 13 defined by a clearance S1 between the inner wall surface 2 aof a cylinder and the cylindrical electrode 15.

The work table 12 has a work supporting surface 12 a covered with aninsulating member 14 and a hole 12 b for collecting the plating solution29. The insulating member 14 may be a sheet of e.g. a ceramic material,or synthetic resin. The insulating member 14 isolates the work table 12from the cylinder block 1, so that no electric current may be suppliedto the work table 12. The hole 12 b collects the plating solution 29after its impingement upon the inner wall surface 2 a of the cylinderand thereby ensures its smooth circulation.

The rotating mechanism 20 is intended for rotating four cylindricalelectrodes 15 if the cylinder block is for a four-cylinder engine, butthe following description will refer merely to the rotation of a singleelectrode 15. The rotating mechanism 20 comprises a motor 21 attached tothe main body 11, a drive shaft 22 connected to the motor 21, a drivegear 23 attached to the drive shaft 22, a gear 24 meshing with the drivegear 23 and a rotating shaft 25 having a middle portion to which thegear 24 is attached, and an upper end in which the cylindrical electrode15 has its threaded portion 19 a connected. As regards the mechanism forrotating the four cylindrical electrodes 15, description will be made indetail with reference to FIG. 4 later.

The solution circulating mechanism 30 comprises a tank 31 for storingthe plating solution 29, a first supply passage 33 extending from thetank 31 to a supply port 32, a pump 34 installed in the first supplypassage 33, a chamber 35 formed at the outlet of the supply port 32, asecond supply passage 36 formed in the rotating shaft 25 and having aninlet 36 a connected with the chamber 35, the bore 16 of the cylindricalelectrode 15 being connected with the outlet of the second supplypassage 36, the electrode having a plurality of through holes 18 throughwhich its bore 16 is connected with the annular passage 13, a collectingport 37 connected with the annular passage 13 through the collectinghole 12 b of the work table 12, a collecting passage 38 extending fromthe collecting port 37 to the tank 31, a control valve 39 installed inthe collecting passage 38 and a stirrer 40 attached to the tank 31. Thecontrol valve 39 is used for controlling the level 29 a of the solution29 in the crank chamber 1 b. The stirrer 40 has an impeller 41 forstirring the solution 29 in the tank 31.

The electric current supplying mechanism 45 includes a rotary connector46 attached to the lower end of the rotating shaft 25 for supplying anelectric current thereto, a positive electrode 47 connected to therotary connector 46 and a negative electrode 48 connected to thecylinder block 1.

Referring to FIG. 4, the drive gear 23 in the rotating mechanism 20meshes with two inner gears 24 meshing with a first and a secondtransmission gear 26 and 27, respectively, which in turn mesh with twoouter gears 24, respectively. Accordingly, the rotation of the motor 21is transmitted first from the drive gear 23 to the two inner gears 24 asshown by arrows (1), from the inner gears 24 to the first and secondtransmission gears 26 and 27 as shown by arrows (2), and then from thefirst and second transmission gears 26 and 27 to the two outer gears 24as shown by arrows (3). As a result, the four rotating shafts 25 towhich the tour gears 24 are respectively attached are rotated togetherin the same direction as shown by white arrows to thereby cause thecylindrical electrodes 15 (FIG. 3) attached thereto to rotate in thesame direction therewith.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show a cylindrical electrode 15 in detail. Referring toFIG. 5, the cylindrical electrode 15 may be obtained by, for example,cladding a body of titanium (Ti) with platinum (Pt), or iridium oxide(IrO2). The cylindrical electrode 15 has the bore 16 extending along itslongitudinal axis 15 a, a cylindrical wall 17 facing the inner wallsurface 2 a of a cylinder in the cylinder block 1 (FIG. 3), the throughholes 18 formed spirally in its wall 17, a top wall 19 b, and thethreaded portion 19 b formed at its bottom. The wall 17 has its height Bdefined as shown in FIG. 5 and its circumferential length L defined asshown in FIG. 6, and its through holes 18 are so formed that every twoadjoining holes may have an equal angle é (about 24°) therebetween, asshown in FIG. 6. For further details of the arrangement of the throughholes 18., description will be made with reference to FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 is an unfoled view of the cylindrical electrode shown in FIGS. 5and 6. The holes 18 are arranged through the wall 17 in a zigzag arrayand spirally along lines inclined at an equal angle é1, and have anequal pitch P, as shown in FIG. 7. The spiral array of the holes 18ensures the uniform impingement of the plating solution 29 upon theinner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder in the cylinder block 1 (FIG. 3)facing the wall 17. The zigzag array thereof ensures the formation ofthe holes 18 with high density and with a small distance between everytwo adjoining holes 18, as compared with their array in a matrix.

Description will now be made of a process for forming a compositeplating film 3 of nickel and copper alloys on the inner wall surface 2 aof a cylinder with reference to FIGS. 8 to 12. FIG. 8 shows the basicprinciple of the composite plating process according to this invention.A composite nickel and copper alloy plating solution 29 is first storedin the tank 31. The solution 29 contains nickel and copper which formsan alternate array of nickel and copper alloy layers on a base material(i.e. the inner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder) upon application of apulsed current, particles of at least one of C, h-BN and MoS₂ asself-lubricating particles, particles of at least one of SiC, Si₃N₄,Al₂O₃, c-BN and diamond as hard particles, a cationic surface activeagent and sodium saccharate as a hardness raising agent. Metal ions (Niand Cu ions) are shown at 28, self-lubricating particles at 5, and hardparticles at 6.

The solution 29 is, for example, a solution which can form an alternatearray of a nickel alloy layer consisting of nickel and less than 50% ofcopper and a copper alloy layer consisting of copper and less than 50%of nickel.

The solution may contain the self-lubricating particles 5 in the amountof 6×10⁻⁵ to 4.2×10⁻³ mol/cm³. If their amount is smaller than 6×10⁻⁵mol/cm³, there is formed a film 3 which is too low in lubricatingproperty to ensure that no seizure be likely to occur. If their amountexceeds 4.2×10⁻³ mol/cm³ a higher electrical resistance brings about alower plating efficiency.

The solution may contain the hard particles 6 in the amount of 7×10⁻⁵ to5×10⁻³ mol/cm³. If their amount is smaller than 7×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³, there isformed a film 3 which is so low in hardness as to get easily worn and below in durability. If their amount exceeds 5×10⁻³ mol/cm³ a higherelectrical resistance brings about a lower plating efficiency.

The solution may contain the surface active agent in the amount of5×10⁻³ to 1×10⁻¹ mol/cm³. If its amount is smaller than 5×10⁻³ mol/cm³it may fail to activate the self-lubricating particles 5 for an improvedlubrication and thereby an improved composition efficiency. If itsamount exceeds 1×10−1 mol/cm3, a higher electrical resistance bringsabout a lower plating efficiency.

The solution may contain the hardness raising agent in the amount of5×10⁻⁶ to 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³. If its amount is smaller than 5×10⁻⁶ mol/cm³,it may fail to strain or finely divide the crystals and thereby form afilm 3 of improved hardness. If its amount exceeds 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³, ahigher electrical resistance brings about a lower plating efficiency.

After the solution 29 has been stored in the tank 31, the cylinder block1 is placed on the insulating member 14 for the work table 12 and overthe cylindrical electrode 15 with the clearance S1 held therebetween.Then, the motor 21 is driven so that its rotation may be transmitted tothe rotating shaft 25 through the drive gear 23 and the gears 24 torotate the cylindrical electrode 15 about its longitudinal axis 15 a.

Then, the impeller 41 of the stirrer 40 is rotated to stir the solution29 in the tank 31. Then, the pump 34 is driven to supply the solution 29from the tank 31 to the bore 16 of the cylindrical electrode 15 throughthe first supply passage 33, supply port 32, chamber 35 and secondsupply passage 36 as shown by arrows a1 to a3. The solution 29 jets outof the bore 16 of the cylindrical electrode 15 through its holes 18 andstrikes against the inner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder in the cylinderblock 1 at right angles thereto, as shown by arrows b. The solution 29is, then, collected in the tank 31 through the circulating passage 13,collecting port 37 and collecting passage 38, as shown by arrows c1 andc2. A plating current (pulsed) is supplied to the cylindrical electrode15 and the cylinder block 1 by the mechanism 45, while the solution 29is in circulation as described.

FIG. 9 shows the waveform of the pulsed plating current. An electriccurrent having a high voltage Hv and an electric current having a lowvoltage Lv are supplied alternately for a certain length of time (e.g.five seconds) each, as shown in FIG. 9. The high voltage Hv is intendedfor depositing a nickel alloy layer consisting of nickel and less than50% of copper, and the low voltage Lv for depositing a copper alloylayer consisting of copper and less than 50% of nickel. The duration ofapplication of each of the high and low voltages Hv and Lv is fiveseconds according to the example shown, but may be varied as required.

FIG. 10 shows a matrix 4 of nickel and copper alloys as deposited byemployed a pulsed current. A current having a high voltage Hv issupplied for five seconds to deposit a nickel alloy layer 4 a on theinner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder. Then, a current having a lowvoltage Lv is supplied for five seconds to deposit a copper alloy layer4 b on the nickel alloy layer 4 a. More nickel and copper alloy layers 4a and 4 b are thereafter deposited on each other to form a matrix 4consisting of an alternate array of nickel and copper alloy layers 4 aand 4 b. Self-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6 are also depositedwith the nickel and copper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b.

FIG. 11 shows the solution 29 jetting out through the holes 18 in thewall of the cylindrical electrode 15. The solution 29 strikes againstthe inner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder in the cylinder block 1substantially at right angles thereto and forms a turbulent flow.Moreover, it jets out at a substantially equal speed through all theholes 18 and thereby strikes uniformly against the whole inner wallsurface 2 a. Accordingly, the metal (Ni and Cu) ions 28,self-lubricating particles 5 and hard particles 6 are disperseduniformly in the solution 29. As a result, the metal ions 28 in thevicinity of the inner wall surface 2 a can be maintained at a specificconcentration, so that a matrix 4 consisting of nickel and copper alloylayers 4 a and 4 b can be deposited with a uniform thickness T. As theself-lubricating and hard particles 5 and are also dispersed uniformlyin the solution 29 in the vicinity of the inner wall surface 2 a, thematrix 4 contains specific amounts of self-lubricating and hardparticles 5 and 6 dispersed uniformly therein.

Moreover, the rotation of the cylindrical electrode 15 ensures that thesolution 29 jetting out through the holes 18 strike uniformly againstthe whole inner wall surface 2 a. Thus, the matrix has a uniformthickness over the whole inner wall surface 2 a and contains theself-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6 dispersed uniformly therein.

FIG. 12 shows the cylindrical electrode 15 in an unfolded form on theright side of a portion of the cylinder block 1. The holes 18 are shownas 18 a to 18 i for the sake of convenience. The cylindrical electrode15 (see FIG. 5) is rotated, while the solution is caused to jet outthrough the holes 18 a to 18 i. The solution leaving the hole 18 astrikes against the inner wall surface 2 a at a position P1 as shown byan arrow (1), and the solution leaving the hole 18 b strikesthereagainst slightly above the position P1. The solution 29 leaving thehole 18 c strikes thereagainst at a position P2 as shown by an arrow(2), while the solution 29 leaving the hole 18 d strikes thereagainstslightly above the position P2, and the solution 29 leaving the hole 18e strikes thereagainst at a position P3 as shown by an arrow (3). Thesolution 29 leaving the hole 18 f strikes thereagainst at a position P4as shown by an arrow (4), while the solution 29 leaving the hole 18 gstrikes thereagainst at a level slightly above the position P4, and thesolution 29 leaving the hole 18 h at a slightly higher level. Thesolution 29 leaving the hole 18 i strikes thereagainst at a position P5as shown by an arrow (5). Thus, the solution 29 strikes against theinner wall surface 2 a uniformly over an area E extending between thepositions P1 and P5. As a result, it is possible to deposit a matrix 4of nickel and copper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b with a specific thicknesson the surface 2 a, while maintaining the concentration of the metal (Niand Cu) ions in the solution 29 at a specific level. Moreover, it ispossible to mix the self-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6uniformly in the solution 29 and thereby disperse them uniformly in thematrix 4, whereby a composite nickel and copper alloy plating film 3 isformed on the surface 2 a.

FIG. 13 shows a surface finish on the film 3 according to thisinvention. Its surface finish may be done by, for example, honing. Thefilm 3 has its surface roughened to a roughness of one to three micronsas indicated by maximum height (Rmax). This makes it possible to exposethe nickel and copper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b substantially uniformlyon the surface of the film 3.

The nickel alloy layer 4 a is of high wear resistance owing to nickel.The copper alloy layer 4 b is of high corrosion resistance owing tocopper. Therefore, the substantially uniform exposure of the nickel andcopper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b on the surface of the film 3 ensures itshigh wear and corrosion resistances.

Explanation has to be given of the reasons why the film 3 has itssurface roughened to a roughness (Rmax) of one to three microns. If itsroughness (Rmax) is less than one micron, the nickel alloy layer 4 acannot be cut away satisfactorily to expose the copper alloy layer 4 bto as desired. If its roughness (Rmax) exceeds three microns, it is toorough for the desired flatness of the film 3. Moreover, the concavitiesformed in the roughened surface of the film 3 can be employed to hold alubricant to reduce any sliding resistance on the film 3.

The film 3 contains the self-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6 inits nickel and copper alloy matrix 4. The self-lubricating particles 5ensure the lubricating property of the film 3. The hard particles 6harden the film 3 and ensure its high wear resistance.

The self-lubricating particles 5 are of at least one of graphite (C),hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MOS₂). Theparticles of C, h-BN or MOS₂ are a solid lubricant having a hexagonalcrystal structure and exhibit a high level of lubricating property evenwhere no lubricant oil is available. The hard particles 6 are of atleast one of silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), alumina(Al₂O₃), cubic boron nitride (c-BN) and diamond. They have a Vickershardness (Hv) of 3,000 or above, and ensure the high wear resistance ofthe film 3.

The solution 29 further contains sodium saccharate as a hardness raisingagent. It strains or finely divided the crystals of the materials in thefilm 3 and thereby improves its hardness.

The film 3 contains 2 to 15% by volume of each of self-lubricating andhard particles 5 and 6. If the proportion of the self-lubricatingparticles 5 is lower than 2% by volume, the film 3 is unsatisfactory inlubrication and seizure is likely to occur. If their proportion exceeds15% by volume, a higher electric current is required and results in alower plating efficiency. If the proportion of the hard particles 6 islower than 2% by volume, the film 3 is unsatisfactorily low in hardnessand wear resistance. If their proportion exceeds 15% by volume, a higherelectric current is required and results in a lower plating efficiency.

The composite nickel and copper alloy plating film 3 according to thisinvention has its nickel and copper alloy layers 4 a and 4 b exposedsubstantially uniformly on its surface, and contains theself-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6, the surface active agentwhich activates the self-lubricating particles 5 to a further extent,and the hardness raising agent which strains or finely divides thecrystals. Thus, the film 3 is high in wear resistance, corrosionresistance and lubricating property.

Description will now be made as to a composite plating film according toa second embodiment of this invention. FIG. 14 corresponds to FIG. 2showing the film according to the first embodiment thereof, and shows asingle-layered film as opposed to a multilayered film according to thefirst embodiment.

The film 3 according to the second embodiment of this inventioncomprises a nickel and copper alloy matrix 4 containing nickel and 10 to50 atm. % of copper, formed on the inner wall surface 2 a of a cylinderand further containing self-lubricating and hard particles 5 and 6dispersed substantially uniformly therein. The film 3 is highlyresistant to sulfuric acid owing to the copper which it contains.

The matrix contains 10 to 50 atm. % of copper. If its copper content islower than 10 atm. %, the film 3 is undesirably low in corrosionresistance. If it exceeds 50 atm. %, its nickel content is too low toensure the wear resistance of the film 3. Further explanation of thereasons for the copper range of 10 to 50 atm. % will be given later withreference to FIGS. 15A to 16B.

The matrix 4 also contains the self-lubricating particles 5 which raisethe lubricating property of the film 3. The self-lubricating particles 5are of at least one of graphite (C), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) andmolybdenum disulfide (MOS₂). The particles of C, h-BN or MOS₂ are asolid lubricant having a hexagonal crystal structure and exhibit a highlevel of lubricating property even where no lubricant oil is available.

Moreover, the matrix 4 contains the hard particles 6 which harden thefilm 3 and raise its wear resistance. The hard particles 6 are of atleast one of silicon carbide (Sic), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), alumina(Al₂O₃), cubic boron nitride (c-BN) and diamond. They have a Vickershardness (Hv) of 3,000 or above, and ensure the high wear resistance ofthe film 3.

The film 3 contains 2 to 15% by volume of each of self-lubricating andhard particles 5 and 6. If the proportion of the self-lubricatingparticles 5 is lower than 2% by volume, the film 3 is unsatisfactory inlubrication and seizure is likely to occur. If their proportion exceeds15% by volume, a higher electric current is required and results in alower plating efficiency if the proportion of the hard particles 6 islower than 2% by volume, the film 3 is unsatisfactorily low in hardnessand wear resistance. If their proportion exceeds 15% by volume, a higherelectric current is required and results in a lower plating efficiency.

The composite nickel and copper alloy plating film 3 as described aboveis formed on the inner wall surface 2 a of each cylinder in a cylinderblock 1 for an internal combustion engine. The film 3 is so high incorrosion resistance as to protect the surface 2 a from corrosion bysulfuric acid. The film 3 is also high in wear resistance and restrainsthe wear of the inner wall surface 2 a of the cylinder. Moreover, it isso high in lubricating property as to prevent any seizure from occurringto the surface 2 a when the engine is started. Thus, the film 3 raisesthe durability or life of the engine to a further extent.

The composite plating film according to the second embodiment of thisinvention can be formed by employing the apparatus as described withreference to FIGS. 3 to 7 in connection with the first embodiment. Nodescription of the apparatus is, therefore, repeated. Moreover, it canbe formed by employing the process as described with reference to FIGS.8, 11 and 12 in connection with the first embodiment. No description ofthe process is, therefore, repeated, either. It is, however, to be notedthat a constant current is employed instead of a pulsed current forcarrying out the process according to the second embodiment.

The composite nickel and copper alloy plating solution 29 stored in thetank 31 as shown in FIG. 8 and employed for carrying out the secondembodiment of this invention contains nickel, copper, citric acid, atleast one of C, h-BN and MOS₂ as self-lubricating particles, at leastone of SiC, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, c-BN and diamond as hard particles, a cationicsurface active agent and sodium saccharate as a hardness raising agent.No statement is made of the amounts and effects of the self-lubricatingor hard particles 5 or 6, surface active agent, or hardness raisingagent in the solution 29, since they have already been stated inconnection with the first embodiment of this invention. The solution 29contains citric acid in addition to the components of the solutionemployed for the first embodiment. Citric acid serves as acomplex-forming agent, and ensures the complete dissolution of copper inthe solution 29 and thereby the satisfactory deposition of copperwithout allowing any sedimentation thereof.

FIG. 15A or 15B is a graph showing the corrosive wear of a compositenickel and copper alloy plating film according to a comparative exampleor the second embodiment of this invention in relation to theconcentration of sulfuric acid in an aqueous solution to which the filmis exposed. The concentration of sulfuric acid is plotted along thex-axis, and the corrosive wear along the y-axis. The graph shows theresults of electrochemical measurements made as will now be explained.The film serving as the anode is dipped in an aqueous solution ofsulfuric acid having a temperature set at about 80° C., and after 10minutes, electrolysis is conducted by passing an electric currentthrough the solution at a rate of 50 mV per minute, so that thecorrosive wear of the film may be determined. The corrosive wear is thewear which grows on a friction surface undergoing a chemical change fordeterioration and having a deteriorated portion lost as a result of aninteraction, and oxidation is, for example, a kind of corrosive wear.

Referring to FIG. 15A, the comparative film formed from a nickel alloycontaining 9 atm. % of copper shows an increase of corrosive wear whenthe concentration of sulfuric acid exceeds 30%, and its wear amounts to4.5 microns when the concentration of sulfuric acid is 50%. It,therefore, follows that a copper content of 9 atm. % is too low for anyalloy of satisfactory corrosion resistance. Referring now to FIG. 15B,the film embodying this invention and formed from a nickel alloycontaining 10 atm. % of copper undergoes a corrosive wear of only lessthan two microns irrespective of the concentration of sulfuric acid, asshown by a curve in a solid line. It, therefore, follows that a coppercontent of 10 atm. % is satisfactory for an alloy of satisfactorycorrosion resistance. The same is true of the film embodying thisinvention and formed from a nickel alloy containing 50 atm. % of copper,as shown by a curve in a broken line, and it follows that a coppercontent of 50 atm. % is likewise satisfactory. Thus, it is obvious thata nickel and copper alloy having a copper content of 10 atm. % or abovecan make a composite plating film of high corrosion resistance.

FIG. 16A or 16B is a graph showing the adhesive wear of a compositenickel and copper alloy plating film according to a comparative exampleor the second embodiment of this invention in relation to the distanceof friction. The distance of friction is plotted along the x-axis, andthe adhesive wear along they-axis. The adhesive wear is a normal kind ofwear which occurs when two metals adhere to each other in a frictionsurface and the softer of the two is torn and migrates to the other.

Referring to FIG. 16A, the comparative film formed from a nickel andcopper alloy containing 51 atm. % of copper has an adhesive wear of 1.5microns at a friction distance of about 20 km, a greater wear of 1.8microns at a distance of about 50 km and a still greater wear of 2.0microns at or above a distance of 100 km. It, therefore, follows that acopper content of 51 atm. % is too high for any alloy of satisfactorywear resistance. Referring now to FIG. 16B, the film embodying thisinvention and formed from a nickel and copper alloy containing 50 atm. %of copper has an adhesive wear of only about 0.25 micron at a frictiondistance of about 50 km and a wear smaller than 0.5 micron even at adistance over 100 km, as shown by a curve in a broken line, and itfollows that a copper content of 50 atm. % is satisfactory for an alloyof satisfactory wear resistance. The film embodying this invention andformed from a nickel and copper alloy containing 10 atm. % of copper hasan adhesive wear of virtually zero until a friction distance over 100 kmand a wear smaller than 0.1 micron even at a distance over 180 km, asshown by a curve in a solid line, and it follows that a copper contentof 10 atm. % is likewise satisfactory. Thus, it is obvious that a nickeland copper alloy having a copper content not exceeding 50 atm. % canmake a composite plating film of high wear resistance.

EXAMPLES

Some examples of experiments according to this invention will now bedescribed with reference to Tables 1 and 2. It is, however, to beunderstood that these examples are not intended for limiting the scopeof this invention.

TABLE 1 Plating Composite plating film Ni—Cu + BN + SiC solution Nickelsulfate 0.415 g/cm³ Copper sulfate 0.05~0.08 g/cm³ Trisodium citrate0.1~0.16 g/cm³ Boric acid 0.035 g/cm³ Sodium saccharate 5 × 10⁻⁵~3 ×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ Silicon carbide (SiC) 0.001~0.005 mol/cm³ Boron nitride(h-BN) in 4 × 10⁻⁴~4 × 10⁻³ mol/cm³ suspension pH 5.0 Temperature 60° C.Cylindrical Hole diameter 2.0 mm electrode Number of holes 169 Insidediameter 25.0 mm Rotating speed 5 rpm Plating method High-speed jetplating Plating Initial Solution 30 × 10³ cm³/min. conditions flow rateCurrent 14 A/dm² density Time 1 min. 10 sec. Regular Solution 30 × 10³cm³/min. flow rate Current 20~40 A/dm² density Time 6 min. 51 sec.–13min. 40 sec. Results Film thickness 56.5 μm per content 30 atm % Boronnitride (h-BN) 2~15 vol % Silicon carbide (SiC) 2~15 vol %

Experiment 1

Description is made of an example in which a composite plating film 3was formed by a nickel and copper alloy matrix containing 30 atm. % ofcopper, h-BN as self-lubricating particles and SiC as hard particles.The film 3 contained 2 to 15% by volume of each of h-BN and SiC.

A composite plating solution 29 (see FIG. 3) contained 0.415 g/cm³ ofnickel sulfate (NiSO₄), 0.05 to 0.08 g/cm³ of copper sulfate (CuSO₄),0.1 to 0.16 g/cm³ of trisodium citrate, 0.035 g/cm³ of boric acid and5×10⁻⁶ to 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ of sodium saccharate, and had a pH of 5.0. Italso contained h-BN and SiC particles suspended in the amounts of 4×10⁻⁴to 4×10⁻³ mol/cm³ and 0.001 to 0.005 mol/cm³, respectively, and had atemperature of 60° C. Each cylindrical electrode 15 (see FIG. 5) had 169through holes 18 made in its cylindrical wall 17 and each having adiameter of 2.0 mm.

Referring to the composite plating conditions, an electric current wasfirst supplied to the cylindrical electrode 15 and a cylinder block 1 ata current density of 14 A/dm² for one minute and 10 seconds, while thecylindrical electrode was rotated at a speed of 5 rpm and the platingsolution 29 was circulated at a rate of 30×10³ cm³/min. Then, anelectric current was supplied to the cylindrical electrode 15 and thecylinder block 1 at a current density of 20 to 40 A/dm² for six minutesand 51 seconds to 13 minutes and 40 seconds, while the cylindricalelectrode was rotated at a speed of 5 rpm and the plating solution 29was circulated at a rate of 30 l/min.

As a result, there was formed a film having a thickness of 56.5 microns.Its nickel and copper alloy matrix contained 30 atm. % of copper. Itscopper content of 30 atm. % falls within the range of 10 to 50 atm. % asexplained with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 15A to 16B. It,therefore, follows that the film is satisfactorily high in corrosion andwear resistances. It also contained 2 to 15% by volume of h-BN and 2 to15% by volume of SiC. They ensure the satisfactorily high lubricatingproperty of the film Its lubricating property will be explained indetail with reference to FIG. 20 later.

TABLE 2 Plating Composite plating film Ni—Cu + C + SiC solution Nickelsulfate 0.415 g/cm³ Copper sulfate 0.05~0.08 g/cm³ Trisodium citrate0.1~0.16 g/cm³ Boric acid 0.035 g/cm³ Sodium saccharate 5 × 10⁻⁵~3 ×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ Silicon carbide (SiC) 0.001~0.005 mol/cm³ Graphite (C) in 4× 10⁻⁴~4.2 × 10⁻³ mol/cm³ suspension pH 5.0 Temperature 60° C.Cylindrical Hole diameter 2.0 mm electrode Number of holes 169 Insidediameter 25.0 mm Rotating speed 5 rpm Plating method High-speed jetplating Plating Initial Solution 30 × 10³ cm³/min. conditions flow rateCurrent 14 A/dm² density Time 1 min. 10 sec. Regular Solution 30 × 10³cm³/min. flow rate Current 20~40 A/dm² density Time 6 min. 51 sec.–13min. 40 sec. Results Film thickness 56.5 μm per content 30 atm %Graphite (C) 2~15 vol % Silicon carbide (SiC) 2~15 vol %

Experiment 2

Description is made of an example in which a composite plating film 3was formed by a nickel and copper alloy matrix containing 30 atm. % ofcopper, C as self-lubricating particles and SiC as hard particles. Thefilm 3 contained 2 to 15% by volume of each of C and SiC.

A composite plating solution 29 (see FIG. 3) contained 0.415 g/cm³ ofnickel sulfate (NiSO₄), 0.05 to 0.08 g/cm³ of copper sulfate (CuSO₄),0.1 to 0.16 g/cm³ of trisodium citrate, 0.035 g/cm³ of boric acid and5×10⁻⁶ to 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ of sodium saccharate, and had a pH of 5.0. Italso contained C and SiC particles suspended in the amounts of 4.2×10⁻⁴to 4.2×10 mol/cm³ and 0.001 to 0.005 mmol/cm³, respectively, and had atemperature of 60° C. Each cylindrical electrode 15 (see FIG. 5) had 169through holes 18 made in its cylindrical wall 17 and each having adiameter of 2.0 mm.

The composite plating conditions as employed for Experiment 1 wereemployed again, and an electric current was first supplied to thecylindrical electrode 15 and a cylinder block 1 at a current density of14 A/dm² for one minute and 10 seconds, while the cylindrical electrodewas rotated at a speed of 5 rpm and the plating solution 29 wascirculated at a rate of 30×10³ cm³/min. Then, an electric current wassupplied to the cylindrical electrode 15 and the cylinder block 1 at acurrent density of 20 to 40 A/dm² for six minutes and 51 seconds to 13minutes and 40 seconds, while the cylindrical electrode was rotated at aspeed of 5 rpm and the plating solution 29 was circulated at a rate of30 l/min. As a result, there was formed a film having a thickness of56.5 microns. Its nickel and copper alloy matrix contained 30 atm. % ofcopper. Its copper content of 30 atm. % falls within the range of 10 to50 atm. % as explained with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 15A to 16B.It, therefore, follows that the film is satisfactorily high in corrosionand wear resistances. It also contained 2 to 15% by volume of C and 2 to15% by volume of SiC. They ensure the satisfactorily high lubricatingproperty of the film. Its lubricating property will be explained indetail with reference to FIG. 20 later.

Explanation will now be made as to the relation between citric acid andcopper in a composite nickel and copper alloy plating solution. FIG. 17is a graph showing the sedimentation of copper in a composite nickel andcopper alloy plating solution according to this invention in relation tothe ratio in concentration of citric acid in the solution to copper(hereinafter referred to as “citric acid/copper concentration ratio”),which ratio is shown along the x-axis, while the sedimentation of copperis shown along the y-axis.

Copper makes a sedimentation of about 42×10⁻³ g/cm³ at a citricacid/copper concentration ratio of 1.0, a sedimentation of about 18×10⁻³g/cm³ when the ratio is 1.2, and a sedimentation of about 2×10⁻³ g/cm³when the ratio is 1.5. The sedimentation of copper means a reduction ofcopper in the solution (or a reduction in the amount of copper dissolvedin the solution). Accordingly, no satisfactory deposition of copper canbe realized by plating. Copper, however, does not make any sedimentationif the ratio exceeds 1.7. Citric acid serves as a complex-forming agentand enables the satisfactory dissolution of copper in the platingsolution and thereby its satisfactory deposition by plating. Thus, it isobvious that a citric acid/copper concentration ratio of at least 1.7ensures the formation of a satisfactory deposit of copper having a highcorrosion resistance and thereby a plating film of high corrosionresistance.

FIG. 18 is a graph showing the wavelength of absorbed light in acomposite nickel and copper alloy plating solution along the y-axis inrelation to its pH shown along the x-axis. The wavelength of absorbedlight is that of light absorbed by the metal ions in the solution. Itis, therefore, measured to determine the concentration of metal ions inthe solution. According to FIG. 18, the wavelength of light absorbed bya plating solution varies from 800 nm when its pH is 2, to 780 nm whenits pH is 3, to 750 nm when its pH is 4, and to 740 nm when its pH is4.5. Such a variation means that the metal ions in the solution vary inconcentration and make it unstable. Thus, no solution having a pH below4.5 is satisfactory for any satisfactory deposition of a metal matrixfor a plating film. The wavelength, however, remains steady at about 740nm when the solution has a pH of 4.5 or above. The steady wavelengthmeans the constant concentration of metal ions and the stability of thesolution. Thus, a solution having a pH of 4.5 or above ensures thesatisfactory deposition of a metal matrix for a plating film.

FIG. 19 is a graph showing the sedimentation of copper in a compositenickel and copper alloy plating solution along the y axis in relation toits Ph shown along the x-axis. There is no sedimentation of copper whenthe solution has a Ph of 5.5 or below, since copper is thoroughlydissolved in the solution. Thus, a solution having a pH of 5.5. or belowensures the satisfactory deposition of copper and thereby the formationof a plating film of high corrosion resistance owing to the highcorrosion resistance of copper. The sedimentation of copper occurs in asolution having a pH above 5.5, since copper is not thoroughly dissolvedin the solution. Thus, no solution having a pH above 5.5 is satisfactoryfor any satisfactory deposition of copper for a plating film of highcorrosion resistance.

Thus, it is obvious from FIGS. 18 and 19 that a plating solution havinga pH of 4.5 to 5.5 forms a good plating film of high corrosionresistance on the inner wall surface of a cylinder.

Description will now be made of Experiment 3 with reference to Table 3.It is, however, to be understood that the following is not intended forlimiting the scope of this invention.

TABLE 3 Plating Composite plating film Ni—Cu + BN + SiC solution Nickelsulfate 0.2~0.4 g/cm³ Copper sulfate 0.02~0.06 g/cm³ Trisodium citrate0.03~0.1 g/cm³ Surface active agent 0.005~0.1 mol/cm³ Sodium saccharate5 × 10⁻⁵~3 × 10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ Boron nitride (h-BN) in 4 × 10⁻⁴~4 × 10⁻³mol/cm³ suspension Silicon carbide (SiC) 0.001~0.005 mol/cm³ pH 4~6Temperature 50~80° C. Cylindrical Hole diameter 2.0 mm electrode Numberof holes 169 Inside diameter 25.0 mm Rotating speed 5 rpm Plating methodHigh-speed jet plating Plating Initial Solution 30 × 10³ cm³/min.conditions flow rate Current 14 A/dm² density Time 1 min. 10 sec.Regular Solution 30 × 10³ cm³/min. flow rate Current 20~40 A/dm² densityTime 6 min. 51 sec.–13 min. 40 sec. Results Film thickness 56.5 μm percontent 30 atm % Boron nitride (h-BN) 1.3 wt % (5.0 vol %) Siliconcarbide (SiC) 1.9 wt % (5.0 vol %)

Experiment 3

Description is made of an example in which a composite plating film 3was formed by a nickel and copper alloy matrix containing 30 atm. % ofcopper, h-BN as self-lubricating particles and SiC as hard particles.The film 3 contained 5.0% by volume (1.3% by weight) of h-BN and 5.0% byvolume (1.9% by weight) of SiC.

A composite plating solution 29 (see FIG. 3) contained 0.2 to 0.4 g/cm³of nickel sulfate (NiSO₄), 0.02 to 0.06 g/cm³ of copper sulfate (CuSO₄),0.03 to 0.1 g/cm³ of trisodium citrate, 0.005 to 0.1 mol/cm³ of asurface active agent and 5×10⁻⁶ to 3×10⁻⁵ mol/cm³ of a hardness raisingagent, and had a pH of 4 to 6. It also contained h-BN and SiC particlessuspended in the amounts of 4×10⁻⁴ to 4×10⁻³ mol/cm³ and 0.001 to 0.005mol/cm³, respectively, and had a temperature of 50° C. to 80° C.Although it is preferable according to the graphs of FIGS. 18 and 19that the solution 29 have a pH of 4.5 to 5.5, its pH of 4 to 6 isselected by taking an allowable range into account. Each cylindricalelectrode 15 (see FIG. 5) had 169 through holes 18 made in itscylindrical wall 17 and each having a diameter of 2.0 mm.

Referring to the composite plating conditions, an electric current wasfirst supplied to the cylindrical electrode 15 and a cylinder block 1 ata current density of 14 A/dm² for one minute and 10 seconds, while thecylindrical electrode was rotated at a speed of 5 rpm and the platingsolution 29 was circulated at a rate of 30×10⁻³ cm³/min. Then, anelectric current was supplied to the cylindrical electrode 15 and thecylinder block 1 at a current density of 20 to 40 A/dm² for six minutesand 51 seconds to 13 minutes and 40 seconds, while the cylindricalelectrode was rotated at a speed of 5 rpm and the solution 29 wascirculated at a rate of 30×10³ cm³/min.

As a result, there was formed a film having a thickness of 56.5 microns.Its nickel and copper alloy matrix contained 30 atm. % of copper, 5.0%by volume (1.3% by weight) of h-BN and 5.0% by volume (1.9% by weight)of SiC. Its copper content of 30 atm. % falls within the range of 10 to50 atm. % as explained with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 15A to 16B.It, therefore, follows that the film is satisfactorily high in corrosionand wear resistances.

FIG. 20 is a graph showing the lubricating property of several examplesof composite nickel and copper alloy plating films according to thesecond embodiment of this invention by a seizure load (N) which is shownalong the y-axis. The seizure load is determined by holding a pistonring against a film at a predetermined pressure P and reciprocating thepiston ring along the film at a specific speed for a specific length oftime. If any seizure has occurred, the pressure P is called the seizureload.

Comparative Example 1 is a Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing 30 atm. %of copper and not containing any self-lubricating or hard particles. Ithas a seizure load which is as low as 65 N because of the absence ofself-lubricating and hard particles.

Comparative Example 2 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing30 atm. % of copper and 2 to 15% by volume of C as self-lubricatingparticles. It has a seizure load which is as low as 70 N, since it doesnot contain any hard particles.

Comparative Example 3 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing30 atm. % of copper and 2 to 15% by volume of h-BN as self-lubricatingparticles. It has a seizure load which is as low as 75 N, since it doesnot contain any hard particles.

Comparative Example 4 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing30 atm. % of copper and 2 to 15% by volume of SiC as hard particles. Ithas a seizure load which is as low as 80. N, since it does not containany self-lubricating particles.

Comparative Example 5 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing30 atm. % of copper and 2 to 15% by volume of diamond as hard particles.It has a seizure load which is as low as 80 N, since it does not containany self-lubricating particles.

Example 1 of this invention is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating filmcontaining 30 atm. % of copper, 2 to 15% by volume of h-BN asself-lubricating particles and 2 to 15% by volume of SiC as hardparticles. It has a seizure load which is as high as 130 N, since itcontains both self-lubricating and hard particles.

Example 2 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing 30 atm. %of copper, 2 to 15% by volume of h-BN as self-lubricating particles and2 to 15% by volume of diamond as hard particles. It has a seizure loadwhich is as high as 130 N, since it contains both self-lubricating andhard particles.

Example 3 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing 30 atm. %of copper, 2 to 15% by volume of C as self-lubricating particles and 2to 15% by volume of SiC as hard particles. It has a seizure load whichis as high as 130 N, since it contains both self-lubricating and hardparticles.

Example 4 is a composite Ni—Cu alloy plating film containing 30 atm. %of copper, 2 to 15% by volume of C as self-lubricating particles and 2to 15% by volume of diamond as hard particles. It has a seizure loadwhich is as high as 130 N, since it contains both self-lubricating andhard particles.

Thus, it is obvious that a Ni—Cu alloy plating film not containingeither self-lubricating or hard particles is unsatisfactory inlubricating property as indicated by its seizure load of as low as 65 N.It is also obvious that a Ni—Cu alloy plating film not containing bothself-lubricating and bard particles is unsatisfactory in lubricatingproperty as indicated by its seizure load of as low as 70 to 80 N. Onthe other hand, a film containing both self-lubricating and hardparticles is satisfactorily high in lubricating property as indicated byits seizure load of as high as 130 N.

Although every plating film embodying this invention has been describedas being formed by using four cylindrical electrodes 15 in a cylinderblock 1 for a four-cylinder engine, this invention is also applicableto, for example, a cylinder block for a six-cylinder engine if anappropriate number of cylindrical electrodes 15 is employed. Althoughevery composite plating film 3 embodying this invention has beendescribed as being formed on the inner wall surface 2 a of a cylinder ina cylinder block 1, it can alternatively be formed on any other work.Although the surface active agent has been described as being cationic,it is also possible to use an anionic, nonionic or amphoteric(anionic-nonionic) surface active agent.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to this invention, a plating film is formed on a base surfaceby an alternate array of nickel and copper alloys layers and its surfaceis roughened to expose the nickel and copper alloys substantiallyuniformly therein, as described above. Nickel is high in wearresistance, and copper in corrosion resistance. The film has itslubricating property and wear resistance improved to a further extent bycontaining self-lubricating and hard particles, and is useful as acoating on, for example, the inner wall surface of a cylinder for aninternal combustion engine.

1. A composite plating film covering a base surface and consistingessentially of a composite nickel and copper alloy film composed ofnickel and copper, wherein the alloy film comprises an alternate arrayof nickel and copper alloy layers, each nickel alloy layer containingless than 50% of copper with nickel and each copper layer containingless than 50% of nickel with copper, the film having a surface roughenedto a roughness of one to three microns as expressed by maximum height(Rmax) to have the nickel and copper alloys exposed substantiallyuniformly therein.
 2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the alloyfilm further contains self-lubricating and hard particles.
 3. The filmaccording to claim 2, wherein the self-lubricating particles are of atleast one of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide.4. The film according to claim 2, wherein the hard particles are of atleast one of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, cubic boronnitride and diamond.
 5. The film according to claim 1, wherein the alloyfilm is formed on the inner wall surface of a cylinder in an internalcombustion engine.
 6. A composite plating film covering a base surfaceand consisting essentially of a composite nickel and copper alloy filmcomposed of nickel and copper, wherein the alloy film contains 10 to 50atm. % of copper, nickel, self-lubricating particles and hard particles.7. The film according to claim 6, wherein the self-lubricating particlesare of at least one of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenumdisulfide.
 8. The film according to claim 6, wherein the hard particlesare of at least one of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, cubicboron nitride and diamond.
 9. The film according to claim 6, wherein thealloy film contains 2 to 15% by volume of each of the self-lubricatingand hard particles.
 10. The film according to claim 6, wherein the alloyfilm is formed on the inner wall surface of a cylinder in an internalcombustion engine.
 11. A plating film on an inner wall surface of acylinder in an infernal combustion engine, comprising: a compositenickel and copper alloy film, wherein the alloy film contains 10 to 50atm. % of copper, nickel, self-lubricating particles and hard particles.12. The film according to claim 11, wherein the self-lubricatingparticles are of at least one of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride andmolybdenum disulfide.
 13. The film according to claim 11, wherein thehard particles are of at least one of silicon carbide, silicon nitride,alumina, cubic boron nitride and diamond.
 14. The film according toclaim 11, wherein the alloy film contains 2 to 15% by volume of each ofthe self-lubricating and hard particles.
 15. A composite plating filmcovering a base surface and comprising a composite nickel and copperalloy film that includes alternating nickel alloy layers and copperalloy layers, wherein each nickel alloy layer includes copper, and eachcopper alloy layer includes nickel, the film having a surface roughenedto a roughness of one to three microns as expressed by maximum height(Rmax) to have the nickel and copper alloys exposed substantiallyuniformly therein.
 16. The film according to claim 15, wherein the alloyfilm further contains self lubricating and hard particles.
 17. The filmaccording to claim 16, wherein the self-lubricating particles are of atleast one of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide.18. The film according to claim 16, wherein the hard particles are of atleast one of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, cubic boronnitride and diamond.
 19. The film according to claim 15, wherein thealloy film is formed on the inner wall surface of a cylinder in aninternal combustion engine.